{"id":93,"date":"2026-05-29T17:19:10","date_gmt":"2026-05-29T17:19:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nationalconsumerreportss.com\/?p=93"},"modified":"2026-05-29T17:19:10","modified_gmt":"2026-05-29T17:19:10","slug":"assassination-and-the-making-of-the-modern-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nationalconsumerreportss.com\/?p=93","title":{"rendered":"Assassination and the Making of the Modern World"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u201cThe world has been aghast \u2014 horrified once more by the monster.\u201d<\/p>\n

– Se\u00e1n Lester, 1938<\/p>\n

When a sniper\u2019s bullet screamed past the head of former President Donald J. Trump in July 2024, the United States found itself mere centimeters away from possible catastrophe. Trump became the first American president wounded in an assassination attempt since Ronald Reagan and narrowly avoided a fate that had befallen heads of state from Sweden to India. Trump, of course, is far from the only American politician to suffer a recent near-death experience. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (who mercifully was away from home at the time), House Majority Whip Steve Scalise, and former Rep. Gabrielle Giffords all survived serious threats to their lives from attackers over the last two decades.<\/p>\n

Read more The U.S.-Iran War: Fighting From \u2018Neutral\u2019 Territory<\/a><\/p>\n

In 2025, America\u2019s luck ran out, as two high-profile assassinations\u2014of former Minnesota House Speaker Melissa Hortman (and her husband) and political commentator Charlie Kirk\u2014deeply shook the nation. The latter incident, in particular, ignited a political firestorm in the country, with the second Trump administration initiating a counterterrorism campaign against unspecified far-left forces purportedly driven by antifascist ideologies. The assassination fever continued when a gunman attempted to storm the White House Correspondents\u2019 Dinner in Washington, D.C., in April, seeking to kill Trump and senior Republican officials, before he was stopped at the security perimeter.<\/p>\n

Yet these recent assassination attempts, some successful, should not have taken us by surprise. In \u201cDeath to Order: A Modern History of Assassination,\u201d Simon Ball issues a simple and ominous warning: assassinations are not historical aberrations, but in fact a ubiquitous and tragic thorn in the modern world\u2019s side. Ball, a historian at the University of Leeds, is the author of several prior books, most of which focus on the history of war and conflict. In his own telling, this new study emerged from \u201ccuriosity-driven research\u201d into the history of firearms control. Ball reaches two key conclusions: First, assassination has long served as a political instrument by both state and non-state actors. Second, the success or failure of attempted assassinations often turns as much on the target state\u2019s response as on the attacker\u2019s skill.<\/p>\n

Ball organizes his account both chronologically and geographically, allowing him to spotlight specific waves of assassination around the world over a little more than the last 100 years. Some chapters, for instance, cover anticolonial struggles against British rule over several decades while others examine how totalitarian leaders in the Soviet Union and Germany both feared and employed assassination during the lead-up to World War II. By the time the reader reaches America\u2019s global counterterrorism assassination campaign in later chapters, a clear pattern has emerged: Assassination has helped construct modern political regimes from China to the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n

A Long and Bloody History of Assassination<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ball\u2019s narrative begins in 1914, which he terms \u201cthe starting point for a new age of assassination,\u201d delivering \u201cthe most important assassination of them all,\u201d on a June morning in Sarajevo.\u00a0In most cases, Ball finds the world\u2019s assassins have failed to drive great social or political change, or have emerged disappointed with the long-term outcomes of their attack. Gavrilo Princip\u2014who killed Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand that day and catalyzed the chain reaction that led to the outbreak of the First World War\u2014certainly bit off more than he intended to chew, having merely aimed for greater Yugoslav autonomy from the Austro-Hungarian Empire.<\/p>\n

Ball argues that there are four elements to every assassination: the procurer, the assassin, his weapon, and the cover-up. Crucially, it was the Austro-Hungarian government\u2019s efforts to root out the procurer of Ferdinand\u2019s killing that propelled the world into war. Assassinations to that point had largely failed to change the world because targeted countries had reacted with calm. But \u201cthe response to the Sarajevo assassination was not calm.\u201d The court in Vienna instead embarked on an extensive campaign to tie the assassins to the Serbian state in an effort to justify war. Ball puts it succinctly: \u201cthey had no proof that the Serbs had assassinated Franz Ferdinand, merely the fact that their whole foreign policy pointed to such a conclusion.\u201d.<\/p>\n

Assassinations over the following decades repeatedly challenged powerful states\u2019 portrayals of themselves as secure, powerful, and resilient. While assassination against state leaders are best-known, Ball\u2019s work makes clear that mid-level functionaries were often the most vulnerable. The story of anti-colonial resistance was rife with attempts on the lives of Western colonial officials asked to perform their jobs with little protection. Ball somewhat snarkily remarks that \u201cthe core signifier of the elite was protection provided by the state.\u201d<\/p>\n

Parsing the details of the long struggle with assassination in the modern world, \u201cDeath to Order\u201d is packed with delicious historical tidbits. For instance, Ball meticulously describes how early protection details were constructed around vulnerable politicians. In this piece of historical reconstruction, one can see the early origins of the grand American presidential motorcade, which now frequently roars down Washington D.C.\u2019s broad streets. Ball regales the reader with tales of old assassination societies in the Far East with delightfully quaint names\u2014the Cherry Blossom Society, the Plum Blossom Society, and Jessfield Road\u2014while dwelling on a scarcely believable umbrella gun that claimed the life of Georgi Markov in London. Ball\u2019s research is very wide-ranging, boasting almost 80 pages of detailed footnotes, most of which direct readers to primary sources.<\/p>\n

If the narrative occasionally gets bogged down in quickly forgotten details, and the citations might have benefitted from more references to other secondary works, those are minor quibbles.<\/p>\n

Read more Lawfare Daily: How Ukraine Is Winning the Drone War<\/a><\/p>\n

State Assassinations and Counter-Assassination<\/strong><\/p>\n

The world\u2019s most infamous assassinations were largely perpetrated by terrorist groups and non-state actors, employing violence to punch above their weight against governmental adversaries. But, according to Ball, assassination is not merely a tactic of the non-state terrorist, but a favored foreign policy tool of states, including the United States. To follow Ball\u2019s chronology is to watch states increasingly take to heart Max Weber\u2019s maxim that states\u2019 stability depends on establishing a monopoly on legitimate violence in a territory. Assassination in the 21st century is a story of how states grow increasingly emboldened by\u2014and even proud of\u2014their own assassination campaigns.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis fate will befall other traitors of Ukraine and puppets of Putin\u2019s regime,\u201d the Ukrainian military intelligence division, for instance, warned in late 2023 after killing a former Ukrainian Member of Parliament who had supported Russia\u2019s invasion. A similar pride has accompanied the United States and Israel\u2019s campaign of leadership decapitation against Iran, not least during the 2026 war, with President Trump telling ABC after Israel\u2019s assassination of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, \u201cI got him before he got me.\u201d<\/p>\n

State assassinations spotlight another of Ball\u2019s quandaries: the search for the \u201chonorable\u201d assassin. Plots against Nazi German leaders such as Adolf Hitler (who survived) and SS official Reinhard Heydrich (who did not) may have been noble, but they led to the execution of the plotters and to broader violent crackdowns on their perceived harborers and civilian supporters.<\/p>\n

Compellingly, Ball insists that the history of assassination cannot be told simply through murders, but must also assess the responses to the murders. He suggests that counter-assassination strategies worked best when they \u201climit the extent of conspiracy,\u201d not exaggerate it. In line with much counterterrorism and counterinsurgency doctrine, the book finds that indiscriminate crackdowns, whether violent or not, serve only to exacerbate grievances and make further killing more likely. Ball heaps particular praise on restrained British responses pioneered in India under Liberal Prime Minister Herbert Asquith, calling it a \u201cliberal script.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ominously, there are direct parallels between Austria-Hungary\u2019s reaction in 1914 and the Trump administration\u2019s actions since Kirk\u2019s killing. Much the same dynamic\u2014much the same eagerness to use the assassination to pursue pre-determined political enemies\u2014is at play in Washington today. Indeed, had Ball finished his book in 2026, he might have cautioned us that the administration\u2019s actions against anti-fascist crowds are likely not just politically motivated but counterproductive, further fanning the flames of violence. Democrats and Republicans alike, Ball would likely argue, will be best served to dial down the temperature by emphasizing the limits of an assassination plot, not its grandiosity.<\/p>\n

Recognizing that assassination attempts are often carried out by lone madmen, Ball contends, should help relegate assassinations to where they historically belong: as irritations, not existential threats to democracy. Indeed, perhaps surprisingly given nearly 300 pages of death and destruction, Ball\u2019s book is fundamentally optimistic. \u201cThe nearer one gets to the present,\u201d Ball writes, \u201cthe harder it becomes to identify assassinations of enduring importance.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Next Generation of Assassinations<\/strong><\/p>\n

The most alarming predictions after Kirk\u2019s tragic demise\u2014\u201cThis is a war, this is a war, this is a war,\u201d the prominent conspiracy theorist Alex Jones declared\u2014have mercifully not (yet) come to fruition. But the Kirk assassination nevertheless has immediately been incorporated into far-right mythology, playing \u201ca central role in the totalitarian theatre of paranoid victimhood.\u201d In the aftermath of the Kirk assassination, Trump and his officials and allies have repeatedly played up a mortal threat against them, perhaps conditioning their listeners to respond with some unspoken action of their own. \u201cEither we fight back or they will kill us,\u201d Elon Musk tweeted to his over 200 million X followers three days after Kirk\u2019s death. Musk\u2019s \u201cthey\u201d is undefined, perhaps offering room to widen the conspiracy later, should it prove politically expedient.<\/p>\n

But the American assassinations that defined 2025 were not perpetrated by members of broader conspiracies, nor did they advocate for political parties or platforms. Margaret Talbot put it elegantly: \u201cWe\u2019re left examining ghostly traces of ideas that won\u2019t coalesce into an ideology. [\u2026] In the absence of a conspiracy, we make one up.\u201d Yet partisan motive is not necessarily a precursor for political assassination. According to the National Counterterrorism Innovation, Technology, and Education Center at the University of Nebraska-Omaha, 2025 set records for threats of violence against U.S. public officials. This trend is likely to escalate further in 2026, and politicians and other public figures will be forced to reckon with their own mortality as they pursue their careers. \u201c\u2018[H]igh-risk missions\u2019 must always operate on the assumption of imminent attack,\u201d Ball writes in the context of the killing of U.S. Ambassador Chris Stevens at Benghazi in 2012\u2014a warning one wishes one could have given to Charlie Kirk on the morning of his murder. A similar calculation must now be made by America\u2019s political rank and file, who must assume that an assassination attempt may be imminent: that a firearm or explosive device may lurk somewhere in the adoring crowd.<\/p>\n

Read more Lawfare Daily: Russia\u2019s \u2018Tradecraft, Tactics, and Dirty Tricks,\u2019 with Sean Wiswesser<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A review of Simon Ball, \u201cDeath to Order: A Modern History of Assassination\u201d (Yale University Press, 2025)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":92,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-93","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-executive-branch"],"yoast_head":"\nAssassination and the Making of the Modern World - National Consumer Reports<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nationalconsumerreportss.com\/?p=93\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Assassination and the Making of the Modern World - National Consumer Reports\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A review of Simon Ball, \u201cDeath to Order: A Modern History of Assassination\u201d (Yale University Press, 2025)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/nationalconsumerreportss.com\/?p=93\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"National Consumer Reports\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-05-29T17:19:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nationalconsumerreportss.com\\\/?p=93#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nationalconsumerreportss.com\\\/?p=93\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nationalconsumerreportss.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ef6e8820a5e2e961e9b8cda481436ac0\"},\"headline\":\"Assassination and the Making of the Modern World\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-05-29T17:19:10+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nationalconsumerreportss.com\\\/?p=93\"},\"wordCount\":1818,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nationalconsumerreportss.com\\\/?p=93#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nationalconsumerreportss.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/1008dc024f964cce9eacbee830a1f798.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Executive Branch\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/nationalconsumerreportss.com\\\/?p=93#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nationalconsumerreportss.com\\\/?p=93\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nationalconsumerreportss.com\\\/?p=93\",\"name\":\"Assassination and the Making of the Modern World - 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